GENERAL SUBJECTS

783. Baker, S.J. 1986. Irresponsible introductions and reintroductions of animals into Europe with particular reference to Britain. Int. Zoo Yearb. 24/25:200-205.

ABSTRACT: Throughout Europe, man has historically introduced species to areas where they did not previously occur. Fourteen of the 56 mammal species on mainland Britain were introduced either intentionally or unintentionally by man. Introduced species may seriously impact native flora and fauna, genetically affect existing populations, or become pests and require expensive control measures. Well-planned reintroductions can be beneficial to the species and to man. Irresponsible introductions, however, often have negative impacts, and their costs usually outweigh their benefits. (LCA)

KEY WORDS: Exotics philosophy review paper.

LOCATION: 2624 OTH

784. Beudels, R. 1980. Re-introduction of species. Tigerpaper 7(1):4-5.

ABSTRACT: Knowledge of the original cause of disappearance and the basic biology of a species is necessary for reintroduction. Reintroduced animals should be of the same or nearest sub-species as those originally in the area, and the release habitat should closely resemble the habitat from which the animals were taken. Reintroduced species should be legally protected and monitored post-release. Appropriate justifications for reintroductions include aesthetics, economics, science, tourism, and replacement of missing ecosystem components. (LCA)

KEY WORDS: Philosophy.

LOCATION: 2920 OTH

785. Brambell, M.R. 1977. Reintroduction. Int. Zoo Yearb. 17: 112-116.

ABSTRACT: Prerequisites for animal reintroductions are presented. It is necessary that the habitat in which the animals are released be capable of supporting the additional animals. The factors which caused reduction in the original population must be removed or at least reduced. Reintroduced animals should be from stock as near the release site as possible. It is important that the animals be physiologically and behaviorally suited for life in the wild. Attempts must be made to preserve genetic flexibility. The reintroduction process should allow for acclimatization to the release site, and monitoring should be conducted before and after the release. (LCA)

KEY WORDS: Genetics philosophy.

LOCATION: 2999 (1611) OTH

786. Burris, O.E., and D.E. McKnight. 1973. Game transplants in Alaska. Alas. Dept. Fish and Game Tech. Bull. 4. 58pp.

ABSTRACT: The viable populations of game species introduced to Alaska have probably resulted due to lack of similar native species. Introductions of Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) to Kodiak Island and the Prince William Sound area and the Berner's Bay and Copper River moose (Alces alces) transplants were very successful. However, many other transplants have failed, at least to some extent. Examples include furbearer transplants; marten (Martes americana) introductions to Prince of Wales, Baranof, and Chichagof Islands; reestablishment of sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations; fox introductions in the Aleutian Islands; hare and rabbit transplants; and game bird transplants. Few animal introductions have benefitted citizens. Reestablishing extirpated populations or moving an endemic species into unoccupied ranges may result from man's reintroduction interventions. All transplants must be carefully considered, taking into account past successes and failures. (JCA)

KEY WORDS: Canidae Cervidae Leporidae Mustelidae Phasianidae Tetraonidae dispersal historical account methodology.

LOCATION: 2481 OTH

787. Campbell, S. 1980. Is reintroduction a realistic goal? Pages 263-269 in M.E. Soule and B.A. Wilcox, eds. Conservation biology: an evolutionary-ecological perspective. Sinauer Assoc., Sunderland, MA.

ABSTRACT: Captive propagation programs can provide animals to be released into wild habitats for reasons such as restoring a species to a former range or to bolster the breeding nucleus of a dwindling population. Despite some successes with this technique, there are a number of problems that need to be considered. A list of 11 possible problems with reintroduction is presented and discussed, along with a brief synopsis of how some of these problems were addressed in a Masked Bobwhite and a Peregrine Falcon captive propagation program. Planning for reintroduction needs to begin as soon as possible, so that problems with the effects of domestication, random change, and inbreeding depression will be minimized. (KRR)

KEY WORDS: methodology policy

LOCATION: 3254 (1226) OTH

788. Carpenter, J.W. 1983. Species decline: a perspective on extinction, recovery, and propagation. Zoo Biol. 2:165-178.

ABSTRACT: This keynote address was presented at the Conference on the Conservation of Endangered Species in Zoological Parks and Aquariums on April 18, 1982 at the National Aquarium in Baltimore. It outlines 1) future trends in the world's environment, resources, and population; 2) factors affecting species decline; 3) reasons for preserving life forms; and 4) techniques, with emphasis on captive propagation, used to assist in species recovery. (AA)

KEY WORDS: Captive breeding endangered species.

LOCATION: 151 (1293) OTH

789. Carpenter, J.W., and S.R. Derrickson. 1981. The role of captive propagation in preserving endangered species. Pages 109-113 in R.R. Odom and J.W. Guthrie, eds. Proc. of the Nongame and Endangered Wildl. Symp. Athens, Georgia, August 1981. GA. Dept. Nat. Resour. Game and Fish Div., Tech. Bull. WL 5.

ABSTRACT: Captive propagation is an important conservation technique for complementing conventional research and management efforts in preserving and restoring threatened wildlife populations. Captive populations of endangered species can serve as substitutes for wild populations in basic research, as sources of animals for bolstering or re-establishing wild populations, as reservoirs for preserving and maintaining genetic diversity, as vehicles for developing an informed public, and as final redoubts for species which have little or no likelihood for survival in the wild. In addition to presenting the advantages of the propagation, the criteria for initiating and terminating captive research programs for threatened and endangered species are discussed. (AA)

KEY WORDS: Guidelines.

LOCATION: 2648 (1294) OTH

790. Conant, S. 1988. Saving endangered species by translocation: are we tinkering with evolution? BioScience 38: 254-257.

ABSTRACT: Reintroductions often fail because the factors that caused the original decline or extermination of the species are still present. Translocation, the introduction of species outside of their natural ranges, may offer an alternative to reintroduction; however, unpredicted and undesirable ecosystem and evolutionary changes may result. Selection may produce individuals that are distinct from the parent population. If this distinction becomes exceedingly great, the translocated individuals may require designation as a new race or species. The author questions the conservation value of translocations that result in the evolution of a new life form. (LCA)

KEY WORDS: Philosophy.

LOCATION: 3003 (1169) OTH

791. De Bont, A.F. 1985. Effects on the ecosystem of release of animals with a proposal to minimize some of the hazards. Trans. Congr. Int. Union Game Biol. 17:117-123.

ABSTRACT: Although natural ecosystems evolve more or less slowly, they are generally in a state of equilibrium. Mostly, all niches are occupied; plants and animals are adapted to the whole ecosystem. Introduction of a species foreign to the ecosystem may have quite a number of effects, the more frequent of them being freely exposed. Hazardous as well is the introduction of individuals of endemic species coming from other populations. The immediate and long-term effects of such introductions are easily overlooked. A few of them are analyzed here and a proposal is made to minimize the hazards for the local populations of the same species and for the ecosystem as well. (AS)

KEY WORDS: Review paper translocation.

LOCATION: 3069 OTH

792. Durrell, L., and J. Mallinson. 1987. Reintroduction as a political and educational tool for conservation. Dodo (J. Jersey Wildl. Preserv. Trust) 24:6-19.

ABSTRACT: In conclusion, it can be seen from the contents of this paper that conservation programmes targeted at high-profile reintroductions, with associated public education, can be extremely effective mechanisms for preserving biological diversity. Whilst recognizing that local people must feel that efforts are being made to protect their interests, it should be appreciated that through good communication, even low 'visibility' projects have a potential for mobilizing local and national governments, as well as the public in efforts to preserve endangered species and to conserve threatened habitats. The orchestration of strategies concerned with species conservation has the unique capacity to inspire people and to foster a sympathetic attitude towards the needs of other threatened species, and towards related environmental issues. Although this has been recently referred to as 'trickle-down' conservation (Simmons et al., Amer. Sci. 76:253-260, 1988), reintroduction programmes can undoubtedly act as powerful political and educational tools promoting support for broader conservation efforts. (AS)

KEY WORDS: Philosophy review paper.

LOCATION: 2671 OTH

793. Goodman, D. 1987. How do any species persist? Lessons for conservation biology. Conserv. Biol. 1:59-62.

ABSTRACT: Recent reformulation of the birth-and-death process model to include the effects of environmental variation on stochastic demography presents a pessimistic view of the prospects for persistence of small populations. The models indicate that modest increases in population size or in the mean (positive) growth rate of the population, do not dramatically increase the mean persistence time. The key to long-term persistence seems to lie in reducing the variance in the population growth rate. Natural populations of those species that are not numerous achieve their persistence through a variety of variance-reduction mechanisms. These notably include: 1) risk-averaging by wide geographic distribution over areas that experience mutually independent environmental variation, and 2) reliance on restricted "hot spots" of especially favorable habitat where the local population growth rate is almost invariably strongly positive when the population is not crowded. These natural mechanisms depend on a spatial scale, and on species-specific richness of habitat, which is not readily attained for many species on biological reserves with a "hands-off" management policy. However, these mechanisms can be mimicked by management intervention strategies--particularly by reintroduction programs in an "archipelago" of geographically dispersed reserves that are otherwise mutually isolated, and by resource augmentation, predator and disease control, and other survival-and-reproduction enhancement programs implemented specifically at times when the population is at a low ebb. (AA) Reprinted by permission of the Society of Conservation Biology and Blackwell Scientific Publications, Inc.

KEY WORDS: Modeling.

LOCATION: 3004 (1193) OTH

794. Greig, J.C. 1979. Principles of genetic conservation in relation to wildlife management in Southern Africa. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 9:57-78.

ABSTRACT: The conservation of genetic variability has, until recently, played an insignificant role in most wildlife management policies, except perhaps where endangered plants or animals are involved. Even then, it was motivated by sentiment and by the traditional fear that loss of variability or heterozygosity may lead, through inbreeding depression, to extinction. Evidence is put forward that the conservation of genetic variation should be the prime consideration in the implementation of a nature conservation policy, for ecological, taxonomic, and aesthetic reasons. This is best achieved by conserving the genetic integrity of population units somewhere between the hierarchical levels of deme and subspecies without unnecessary genetic admixture. It is suggested that the unthinking mixing of subspecies or ecotypes by 'conservation-oriented' translocations is both biologically indefensible and ecologically harmful. The survival of life in a changing world depends upon evolution which in turn is completely dependent upon the existence of a full spectrum of genetic variation. (AA)

KEY WORDS: Viable populations policy.

LOCATION: 2986 (1223) OTH

795. Griffith, B., J.M. Scott, J.W. Carpenter, and C. Reed. 1989. Translocation as a species conservation tool: status and strategy. Science 245:477-480.

ABSTRACT: Surveys of recent (1973 to 1986) intentional releases of native birds and mammals to the wild in Australia, Canada, Hawaii, New Zealand, and the United States were conducted to document current activities, identify factors associated with success, and suggest guidelines for enhancing future work. Nearly 700 translocations were conducted each year. Native game species constituted 90% of translocations and were more successful (86%) than were translocations of threatened, endangered, or sensitive species (46%). Knowledge of habitat quality, location of release area within the species range, number of animals released, program length, and reproductive traits allowed correct classification of 81% of observed translocations as successful or not. (AA) Copyright 1989 by the AAAS.

KEY WORDS: Theory models prediction.

LOCATION: 3143 OTH

796. Halloran, A.F., and J.A. Howard. 1956. Aransas Refuge wildlife introductions. J. Wildl. Manage. 20:460-461.

ABSTRACT: A history of introductions of exotic game and reintroductions of native game for the period 1925 to 1935 is given for Blackjack (St. Charles) Peninsula on the central Texas coast on land that is now the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge. Reintroduced white-tailed deer, Rio Grande Turkey, and mixed ancestry wild boars have persisted and increased; fallow deer (some of which were removed), mule deer, California Quail, and Ring-necked Pheasants were not successful. (AS) Copyright 1956 by The Wildlife Society.

KEY WORDS: Cervidae Meleagrididae Phasianidae Suidae Dama dama Lophortyx californica Meleagris gallopavo Odocoileus hemionus Odocoileus virginianus Phasianus colchicus ssp. Sus scrofa 1920's 1930's historical account mortality survival.

LOCATION: 2509 OTH

797. Humphrey, S.R., J.F. Eisenberg, and R. Franz. 1985. Possibilities for restoring wildlife of a longleaf pine savanna in an abandoned citrus grove. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 13:487-496.

ABSTRACT: Small mammals, birds, and gopher tortoises and their commensals were compared on a longleaf pine savanna preserve and a similar site converted to orange groves to plan restoration of the wildlife community on the latter site. Small mammals were comparable on both sites; only abundant pocket gophers and the specialized Florida mouse regularly occurred on the infertile upland soil. The mouse persisted at the grove site because of a small fragment of original habitats. Bird communities of the two sites had almost unique species' compositions. The avifaunas were similar in diversity, but birds were more abundant in the groves than in the savanna. Gopher tortoises were present in interstitial fallow land, and rapidly recolonized the abandoned grove. The herpetofauna of the grove site was an impoverished subset of that associated with tortoise burrows in the pine savanna. Much of the original fauna can be restored passively, simply by restoring the vegetation and waiting for recolonization from neighboring sources. Less mobile species and species now missing from the region will have to be reintroduced. The technology for such reintroductions awaits development. (AS) Copyright 1985 by The Wildlife Society.

KEY WORDS: 1980's habitat conversion Gopherus polyphemus Testudinidae Thomomys umbrinus Geomyidae Microtidae

LOCATION: 2854 OTH

798. Int. Union Conserv. Nat. and Nat. Resour. 1987. The IUCN position statement on translocation of living organisms. 22nd meeting Mtg., IUCN Council, Gland, Switzerland, 4 September 1987. ABSTRACT: This statement sets out IUCN's position on translocation of living organisms, covering introductions, re-introductions and restocking. The implications of these three sorts of translocation are very different, so the paper is divided into four parts dealing with Introduction, Re-introductions, Restocking, and Administrative Implications, respectively. (AI)

KEY WORDS: Summary definitions.

LOCATION: 3005 (1244) OTH

799. Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. 1988. Wildlife Preservation Trust: A jubilee bibliography 1963-1988. International Wildlife Preservation Trust.

ABSTRACT: This bibliography is a systematic and general subject index of articles, papers, and illustrations published by the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust and Wildlife Preservation Trust International during the 1963-1988 period.

KEY WORDS: captive breeding nutrition conservation education studbooks

LOCATION: 4002 OTH

800. Jordan, W.R., III, R.L. Peters II, and E.B. Allen. 1988. Ecological restoration as a strategy for conserving biological diversity. Environ. Manage. 12:55-72.

ABSTRACT: Though the restoration of disturbed ecosystems has so far played a relatively modest role in the effort to conserve biological diversity, there are reasons to suspect that its role will increase and that its contribution to the maintenance of diversity will ultimately prove crucial as techniques are further refined and as pristine areas for preservation become scarcer and more expensive. It is now possible to restore a number of North American communities with some confidence. However, it should be noted that many current efforts to return degraded lands to productive use, like attempts to reclaim land disturbed by mining, try only for rehabilitation to a socially acceptable condition and fall considerably short of actually restoring a native ecological community. Possible uses for restoration in the conservation of biodiversity include not only the creation of habitat on derelict sites, but also techniques for enlarging and redesigning existing reserves. Restoration may even make it possible to move reserves entirely in response to long-term events, such as changes in climate. Restoration in the form of reintroduction of single species to preexisting or restored habitat is also a critical link in programs to conserve species ex situ in the expectation of eventually returning them to the wild. And restoration provides opportunities to increase diversity through activities as diverse as management of utility corridors, transportation rights-of-way, and parks. (AA) Reprinted with permission of Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.

KEY WORDS: Review.

LOCATION: 2841 OTH

801. Jungius, H. 1985. Prospects for re-introduction. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. No. 54:47-55.

ABSTRACT: Human influence on the distribution of species is separated into introduction (the establishment of a species in an area in which it has never occurred), re-introduction (rehabilitation of the species in an areas where it has become extinct), and restocking. In many instances, introduction has had a negative impact on the environment and is therefore rejected on principle by most scientists and conservationists. However, the world-wide destruction of species and their habitats calls for a careful review of the position on introduction. The threat to several species might soon force us to conserve them, either in captivity, or in appropriate habitats outside their range, where they can still interact with a natural environment. Re-introduction should only be considered as one of the many, and certainly not the most important, means of supporting the conservation of the species. Efforts to prevent extinction by preserving the habitat are of paramount importance. Re-introduction has a good chance of success if scientifically planned in cooperation with the responsible political institution and the local people concerned. The reasons for the species' disappearance have to be identified and removed, and the most suitable area for re-introduction selected. Choosing an area should be based not only on the biological characteristics of the species but also on socio-economic factors such as the attitude of the people in control of the area concerned. Practical procedures to obtain and transport animals have to be developed, breeding and release techniques have to be elaborated, scientific personnel engaged, and a monitoring programme set up. Scientific planning, political support, backing from local people, adequate finances and persistence over a sustained period are all essential to ensure the success of a re-introduction project. (AS) Reprinted with permission of the Zoological Society of London.

KEY WORDS: Translocation.

LOCATION: 2644 OTH

802. Kear, J. 1977. The problems of breeding endangered species in captivity. Int. Zoo Yearb. 17:5-14.

ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the theoretical and philosophical aspects of captive breeding and reintroduction of endangered species and the circumstances under which they should be attempted. Questions on the matter are posed, and the author points out that extinction is a natural part of evolution. Problems arising in captive maintenance that may select for undesirable genetic traits such as tameness, nonaggression, changes in breeding chronology, and undesirable physical features are discussed. (LCA)

KEY WORDS: Genetics inbreeding philosophy theory.

LOCATION: 2999 (1611) OTH

803. Kushlan, J.A. 1980. Reintroduction of indigenous species to natural ecosystems. Environ. Manage. 4:93-94.

ABSTRACT: A species-oriented approach is usually taken to reintroduction; however there is a shortcoming to such an approach. By focusing simply on the species, the ecosystem into which the animal is reintroduced is ignored. The ecosystem has evolved since that species extirpation, and seldom does the reintroduced animal fill its vacant niche. Before reintroducing an animal, the ecosystem should be evaluated. The environment must be capable of supporting a self-perpetuating population of the reintroduced animal. The potential effects on predation, competition, and energy flow within the ecosystem must be analyzed. Ecosystems are complex, and impacts of reintroductions are difficult to predict. Augmentation of existing populations is even more complex than reintroduction because new individuals may disrupt the social structure, spatial distribution, and genetic composition of the existing resident population. The habitat must also have the ability to support additional numbers of the species. Reintroduction and augmentation are valuable tools for species conservation; done carelessly, they can be dangerous tools. (LCA)

KEY WORDS: Philosophy.

LOCATION: 2546 (1282) OTH

804. Lever, C. 1985. Naturalized mammals of the world. Longman Inc., New York. 487pp.

ABSTRACT: The object of this book is to describe when, where, why, how and by whom the various alien mammals now living in wild state throughout the world were introduced, how they subsequently became naturalized, and what effects - for good or ill - they have had on the native biota, and vice versa. The criteria for inclusion of a species are that it should have been imported from its natural range to a new country or region either deliberately or accidentally by human agency, and that it should currently be established in the wild in self-maintaining and self-perpetuating populations unsupported by, and independent of, man. This book is organized by taxonomic order and further subdivided geographically by continent and political boundaries. (AI,LCA)

KEY WORDS: Introduction exotics.

LOCATION: 3010 OTH

805. Linn, I.J., B.H. Green, H. Elliott, G. Lucas, P.S. Maitland, C.G.C. Rawlins, T. Sands, and R.M. Stuttard. 1979. Wildlife introductions to Great Britain. Report by the Working Group on Introductions, U.K. Comm. for Int. Nature Conserv. Nature Conserv. Counc., London.

ABSTRACT: This report reviews the benefits of and problems associated with introductions, reintroductions, and restocked species. Chapters on evaluation and policy guidelines for introductions are presented. The introduction policies of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves, and the World Wildlife Fund are listed in appendices. Species introduced and naturalized in Great Britain and legislation pertaining to introductions are also included in appendices. (LCA)

KEY WORDS: Conservation disease dispersal exotics island biogeography historical account summary paper.

LOCATION: 2839 OTH

806. Ludwig, D.R., and S.M. Mikolajczak. 1985. Post-release studies: a review of current information. Wildl. Rehab. 4:111-124.

ABSTRACT: This paper reviews post-release behavior and survival studies of captive reared and rehabilitated animals. The information covers 38 bird reports and papers, 41 mammalian reports and papers, and 7 unpublished reports from wildlife rehabilitators. Post-release studies usually focus on survival data, dispersal/movement data, and behavioral observations. Birds and mammals both display interspecific variation in post-release movements. Captive-reared young and rehabilitated animals released have survived to breed and rear young in the wild. The authors recommend that future studies compare survival data and post-release behavior of animals with similar data from wild populations. Further recommendations for successful rearing, rehabilitation, and release of animals are made. (LCA)

KEY WORDS: Fostering hacking soft-release transplant.

LOCATION: 202 OTH

807. Maguire, L.A. 1986. Using decision analysis to manage endangered species populations. J. Environ. Manage. 22:345-360. ABSTRACT: Actions to preserve endangered species populations are affected unpredictably by environmental and political events outside the resource manager's control. Programmes for endangered species management must often satisfy conflicting objectives, such as maximizing species survival and minimizing financial cost, and are scrutinized by special interest groups with divergent opinions. This paper demonstrates the application of formal methods of decision-making under uncertainty to management of endangered species populations. The first example weighs the merits of managing a species as a single larger population or as two smaller populations in habitats vulnerable to catastrophic storms. Probability of extinction is used to measure species security. The second example analyses whether to translocate animals among small, isolated subpopulations to avoid inbreeding depression. It demonstrates the assessment of trade-offs between population security and financial cost. The third example considers the capture of individuals from a wild population for captive propagation. It shows how subjective preferences can be estimated for outcomes such as survival of a species only in captivity. It examines the management recommendations of disputing parties for consistency with their subjective beliefs and philosophical values. These examples show that decision analysis provides a framework for (1) integrating scientific information with concerns for financial costs and public opinion; (2) examining effects of uncertainty, subjective information and values on management decisions; and (3) facilitating communication among management agencies and public interest groups. (AA)

KEY WORDS: Grus americana Gymnogyps californianus translocation.

LOCATION: 3125 OTH

808. Mallinson, J.J.C. 1988. Collaboration for conservation between the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust and countries where species are endangered. Int. Zoo Yearb. 27:176-191.

ABSTRACT: The Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust and its sister organizations (collectively referred to as the Wildlife Preservation Trust) are collaborating with the governments of Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Indonesia, Brazil, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent to conserve a variety of endangered species. This is a multi-pronged approach to conservation which involves government agreements, training programs, public education, field research, on site breeding programs, habitat restoration, and reintroduction programs. The Wildlife Preservation Trust has been directly involved with a number of reintroduction programs, five of which are discussed in this paper. Although the first attempt at reintroducing captive-bred Mauritius Pink Pigeons failed, a second attempt in 1987 released 11 pigeons into Macchabe forest on Mauritius Island. In 1986, 41 captive-bred hutias were released in the form of ten family groups in Jamaica. In May 1987, a family group of golden lion tamarins that were captive-reared at Jersey facilities was released in a private reserve in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Five Jersey-bred Thick-billed Parrots were reintroduced to the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona in 1987, and, in the same year, two pairs of Jersey-bred Bali Starlings were donated to the captive propagation program at Surabaya Zoo. The importance of an interdisciplinary approach to successfully link captive propagation with the conservation of wild populations is stressed. (KRR)

KEY WORDS: philosophy policy 1980's

LOCATION: 2628 OTH

809. Nawaz, M. 1982. Re-introduction of wild fauna in Pakistan. Tigerpaper 9(2):5.

ABSTRACT: One-horned rhinoceros, blackbuck, and cheer pheasants have disappeared from Pakistan due to habitat destruction and over-exploitation. A reintroduction program was initiated to restore these species to Pakistan. One pair of Rhinoceros unicornis was translocated to Lal Sohanra National Park in Pakistan on 23 Mar 1982. In 1971, 10 blackbuck from Texas and 6 from Copenhagen, Denmark were translocated into Lal Sohanra National Park. For the past 3 years, cheer pheasant chicks that were hatched from eggs received from the World Pheasant Association have been released in Margalla Hill National Park. (MCA)

KEY WORDS: Rhinocerotidae Bovidae Phasianidae Antilope cervicapra Catreus wallichi one-horned rhinoceros blackbuck cheer pheasant 1970's 1980's.

LOCATION: 3182 OTH

810. Nielsen, L. 1988. Definitions, considerations, and guidelines for translocation of wild animals. Pages 12-51 in L. Nielsen and R.D. Brown, eds. Translocation of wild animals. Wis. Humane Soc., Milwaukee.

ABSTRACT: Throughout history, many different species of wild animals have been captured by humans and moved from one location to another. In most cases, the motivation was sentimentalism, curiosity, or the desire to establish populations of wild animals that could be hunted, trapped, or otherwise utilized. Although some of these early animal introductions were successful, failures were common. With the development of better technology, combined with increased knowledge and experience, translocation of wild animals in specific cases may be a viable option for today's natural resource manager. It remains, however, an option that is controversial, costly, and difficult. Many recent attempts to move wild animals have failed and translocation is not as universally applicable as its public and political appeal may suggest. Because of the risks and high cost, the manager must consider not only the biological and ecological viability of translocation, but also the most productive use of available resources. To be successful, translocation requires precise planning and preparation, professional expertise, technology, and adequate funding. This paper suggests relevant definitions and lists some of the more common reasons for moving free-ranging, wild animals. It suggests that a feasibility study be conducted before a final decision and commitment of resources is made to translocation, and it provides some general guidelines for the planning, preparation, and execution of wildlife translocations. The paper is not species-specific and should be relevant to the translocation of a variety of wild mammals. (AA)

KEY WORDS: Capture transport release.

LOCATION: 3102 OTH

811. Pinder, N.J. 1979. A policy for faunal reintroductions. Discuss. Pap. Conserv. Univ. Coll. Lond. No. 23.

ABSTRACT: The reintroduction of locally extinct animal species is becoming increasingly important in conservation and justifications for, and arguments against, reintroductions are reviewed. In principle, it is argued that all reintroductions are permissible and it is only in examining the practical details of a proposal that policy criteria should be used. The criteria employed in the two existing policies are seen to be inappropriate and a new policy is proposed. The two major features of this are that the proposers of a reintroduction must submit a formal proposal document and that objectors must demonstrate that the proposal fails to meet one of the specified criteria. Finally, a recommendation is made for the enactment of comprehensive wildlife legislation in Britain. (AA)

KEY WORDS: Discussion paper.

LOCATION: 3090 OTH

812. Sale, J.B. 1986. Reintroduction in Indian wildlife management. Indian For. 112:867-873.

ABSTRACT: After defining "reintroduction", "restocking" and "translocation", the aims of reintroduction in the management of endangered species are discussed. Ten principles to be followed when undertaking a scientific reintroduction programme are enunciated. The potential use of reintroduction in the rehabilitation of a number of Indian endangered species is discussed, with brief suggestions as to the pattern such management programmes might take. (AS) Reprinted with permission from the Indian Forester.

KEY WORDS: India.

LOCATION: 2619 OTH

813. Warland, M.A.G. 1975. A cautionary note on breeding endangered species in captivity. Pages 373-377 in R.D. Martin, ed. Breeding endangered species in captivity. Academic Press, London.

ABSTRACT: The policy of the Survival Service Commission (SSC) of IUCN is to prevent the species extinction and rebuild wild populations to levels at which they can again assume their natural roles in their native habitats and ecosystems. To promote the long-term survival of species in the wild, captive breeding programs must preserve the species in as wild state as possible and maintain characteristics that particularly fit it for life in the wild. The SSC lists criteria that should be fulfilled by captive breeding programs of endangered species: 1) captive breeding is essential to obtain information needed to further survival of the species in its natural habitat; 2) effects of the capture operation on wild populations have been assessed; 3) capture follows principles stated in SSC's statement "the capture of rare or endangered animals"; 4) there is professional competence of husbandry staff; 5) physical facilities are of high standard; 6) sufficient funding and support are secure to prevent premature discontinuation of program; 7) number of animals to be maintained as captive stock, distributed as surplus, and proportion of captive-bred stock made available for reintroduction are agreed upon; 8) a studbook is effectively planned; and 9) cooperative efforts to improve the natural habitat of the species prior to reintroduction is reasonably assured. (MCA)

KEY WORDS: methodology captive propagation policy.

LOCATION: 2568 OTH

814. Wemmer, C., and S. Derrickson. 1987. Reintroduction: the zoobiologists dream. Prospects and problems of reintroducing captive bred wildlife. Am. Assoc. Zool. Parks Aquariums Annu. Conf. Proc., pp.48-65.

ABSTRACT: Wildlife reintroductions have been recorded as early as the 1890's, but only a few have been documented scientifically. The limited database reveals that reintroductions require time, sustained effort, special facilities, additional personnel, large numbers of animals, acclimation training, and field work. Reintroductions can be quite costly and are generally planned and performed in a political arena.

KEY WORDS: history policy philosophy

LOCATION: 2663 OTH

815. Wingate, D.B. 1985. The restoration of Nonsuch Island as a living museum of Bermuda's pre-colonial terrestrial biome. ICBP Tech. Publ. No. 3:225-238.

ABSTRACT: Bermuda is the world's most densely populated oceanic island and its indigenous terrestrial ecosystem has been drastically modified. Nevertheless, some of the endemic flora and fauna have survived, and the rediscovery of the endemic Bermuda Petrel or Cahow in 1951 resulted in the establishment of the 10 ha Castle Harbour Island National Park. The largest island, Nonsuch (6 ha), was selected in 1962 for restoration as a living museum of the terrestrial biome because of its isolation and because its diverse topography is representative of most Bermuda habitats. Nonsuch was a desert island when the project began, because it has been ravaged by feral goats, dogs, and rats, and its forest of Bermuda Cedar had been killed by a scale insect epidemic between 1947 and 1951. Restoration has involved the elimination and/or exclusion of exotic species, the reintroduction of native fauna, reforestation with indigenous flora, and artificial creation of additional habitats and niches to accommodate endangered species. The island's small size and isolation have made it possible to eliminate or exclude most exotic species including rats, and the restored native flora, including the Bermuda Cedar, has thrived in the absence of exotic competitors. Species successfully reintroduced include the endemic race of the. White-eyed Vireo from Bermuda's main island and the Yellow-crowned Night Heron from Florida. Other experimental reintroductions from abroad include the Green Turtle and the West Indian Top Shell. Habitat manipulation has included the construction of two ponds to allow the establishment of native wetland species. The development of a 'baffler' to eliminate nest-site competition with the White-tailed Tropicbird, and artificial burrows to increase the availability of nesting sites, have enabled the Cahow to increase, with the potential for a large population. The advantages and limitations of satellite islands for endangered species conservation are discussed in the light of the Nonsuch Island experience. (AA)

KEY WORDS: 1960's 1970's 1980's habitat restoration ecosystem restoration Procellariidae Pterodroma cahow Phaethontidae Phaethon lepturus catesbyi Vireonidae Vireo griseus bermudianus Cittarium pica Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas Ardeidae Nycticorax violacea.

LOCATION: 2571 OTH